Salvage Superselective Vesical Artery Embolization for Intractable Hematuria Refractory to Conservative and Endoscopic Management: Angiographic Patterns and Short-Term Outcomes by Etiology
Background/Objective: Intractable bladder hematuria may persist despite continuous bladder irrigation and endoscopic hemostasis, exposing frail patients to repeated transfusions and the morbidity associated with urinary diversion or palliative cystectomy. This study evaluated the outcomes and safety of salvage microcatheter-based superselective vesical artery embolization (SVAE) in…